In uncontrolled airspace, IFR and VFR separation is provided by whom?

• A. Pilots
• B. ATC
• C. Radar controllers
• D. Ground control

Answer: (A)

Uncontrolled airspace has no ATC service to separate traffic. Therefore, the responsibility for maintaining safe separation falls on the pilots themselves. For VFR flights, this means using see-and-avoid and keeping vigilant for other aircraft and weather. For IFR flights in uncontrolled airspace, the pilot must still operate with self-separation in mind, relying on their navigation, flight plan, and any available advisory information to avoid conflicts, since ATC will not provide separation there. The other options imply ATC or airport ground services are handling separation, which only occurs in controlled airspace.